Plastic Surgery
Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery covers a wide range of specialties, including craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. This kind of surgery focuses on restoring a body part or improving its function. In contrast, cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery focuses solely on improving the physical appearance of the body.[1][2] A comprehensive definition of plastic surgery has never been established, because it has no distinct anatomical object and thus overlaps with practically all other surgical specialties. An essential feature of plastic surgery is that it involves the treatment of conditions that require or may require tissue relocation skills.
Etymology
[edit]The word plastic in plastic surgery refers to the concept of "reshaping" and comes from the Greek πλαστική (τέχνη), plastikē (tekhnē), "the art of modelling" of malleable flesh.[3] This meaning in English is seen as early as 1598.[4] In the surgical context, the word "plastic" first appeared in 1816 and was established in 1838 by Eduard Zeis,[5] preceding the modern technical usage of the word as "engineering material made from petroleum" by 70 years.[6]
History
[edit]Treatments for the plastic repair of a broken nose are first mentioned in the c. 1600 BC Egyptian medical text called the Edwin Smith papyrus.[8][9] The early trauma surgery textbook was named after the American Egyptologist, Edwin Smith.[9] Reconstructive surgery techniques were being carried out in India by 800 BC.[10] Sushruta was a physician who made contributions to the field of plastic and cataract surgery in the 6th century BC.[11]
The Romans also performed plastic cosmetic surgery, using simple techniques, such as repairing damaged ears, from around the 1st century BC.[12] For religious reasons, they did not dissect either human beings or animals, thus, their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their Greek predecessors. Notwithstanding, Aulus Cornelius Celsus left some accurate anatomical descriptions,[13] some of which—for instance, his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton—are of special interest to plastic surgery.[14]
Arabs practiced the plastic surgery, during the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD.[15] The Arabic translations made their way into Europe via intermediaries.[15] In Italy, the Branca family[16] of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta.[15]
In all fields of surgery, the Arab physician, surgeon, and chemist Al-Zahrawi talks of the use of silk thread sutures to achieve good cosmesis. He describes what is thought to be the first attempt at reduction mammaplasty for the management of gynaecomastia. He gives detailed descriptions of other basic surgical techniques such as cautery and wound management.[17]
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British physicians travelled to India to see rhinoplasties being performed by Indian methods.[18][19] Reports on Indian rhinoplasty performed by a Kumhar (potter) vaidya were published in the Gentleman's Magazine by 1794.[18] Joseph Constantine Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods.[18] Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the Western world in the year 1815.[20] Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further modified in the Western world.[20]
In 1465, Sabuncu's book, description, and classification of hypospadias were more informative and up to date. Localization of the urethral meatus was described in detail. Sabuncuoglu also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia. In mid-15th-century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that such surgery became common.
In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed an operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments. In 1818, German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik. Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap.
The first American plastic surgeon was John Peter Mettauer, who, in 1827, performed the first cleft palate operation with instruments that he designed himself.
Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach specialized in skin transplantation and early plastic surgery. His work in rhinoplastic and maxillofacial surgery established many modern techniques of reconstructive surgery. In 1845, Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, titled Operative Chirurgie, and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose. Dieffenbach has been called the "father of plastic surgery".[21][22]
Another case of plastic surgery for nose reconstruction from 1884 at Bellevue Hospital was described in Scientific American.[23]
In 1891, American otorhinolaryngologist John Roe presented an example of his work: a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896, James Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and in 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, the German orthopaedic-trained surgeon, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1910, Alexander Ostroumov, the Russian pharmacist, and perfume and cosmetics manufacturer, founded a unique plastic surgery department in his Moscow Institute of Medical Cosmetics.[24] In 1928, Jacques Joseph published Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik.[25]
Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery covers a wide range of specialties, including craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. This kind of surgery focuses on restoring a body part or improving its function. In contrast, cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery focuses solely on improving the physical appearance of the body.[1][2] A comprehensive definition of plastic surgery has never been established, because it has no distinct anatomical object and thus overlaps with practically all other surgical specialties. An essential feature of plastic surgery is that it involves the treatment of conditions that require or may require tissue relocation skills.
Etymology
[edit]The word plastic in plastic surgery refers to the concept of "reshaping" and comes from the Greek πλαστική (τέχνη), plastikē (tekhnē), "the art of modelling" of malleable flesh.[3] This meaning in English is seen as early as 1598.[4] In the surgical context, the word "plastic" first appeared in 1816 and was established in 1838 by Eduard Zeis,[5] preceding the modern technical usage of the word as "engineering material made from petroleum" by 70 years.[6]
History
[edit]Treatments for the plastic repair of a broken nose are first mentioned in the c. 1600 BC Egyptian medical text called the Edwin Smith papyrus.[8][9] The early trauma surgery textbook was named after the American Egyptologist, Edwin Smith.[9] Reconstructive surgery techniques were being carried out in India by 800 BC.[10] Sushruta was a physician who made contributions to the field of plastic and cataract surgery in the 6th century BC.[11]
The Romans also performed plastic cosmetic surgery, using simple techniques, such as repairing damaged ears, from around the 1st century BC.[12] For religious reasons, they did not dissect either human beings or animals, thus, their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their Greek predecessors. Notwithstanding, Aulus Cornelius Celsus left some accurate anatomical descriptions,[13] some of which—for instance, his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton—are of special interest to plastic surgery.[14]
Arabs practiced the plastic surgery, during the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD.[15] The Arabic translations made their way into Europe via intermediaries.[15] In Italy, the Branca family[16] of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta.[15]
In all fields of surgery, the Arab physician, surgeon, and chemist Al-Zahrawi talks of the use of silk thread sutures to achieve good cosmesis. He describes what is thought to be the first attempt at reduction mammaplasty for the management of gynaecomastia. He gives detailed descriptions of other basic surgical techniques such as cautery and wound management.[17]
|
|
British physicians travelled to India to see rhinoplasties being performed by Indian methods.[18][19] Reports on Indian rhinoplasty performed by a Kumhar (potter) vaidya were published in the Gentleman's Magazine by 1794.[18] Joseph Constantine Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods.[18] Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the Western world in the year 1815.[20] Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further modified in the Western world.[20]
In 1465, Sabuncu's book, description, and classification of hypospadias were more informative and up to date. Localization of the urethral meatus was described in detail. Sabuncuoglu also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia. In mid-15th-century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that such surgery became common.
In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed an operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments. In 1818, German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik. Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap.
The first American plastic surgeon was John Peter Mettauer, who, in 1827, performed the first cleft palate operation with instruments that he designed himself.
Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach specialized in skin transplantation and early plastic surgery. His work in rhinoplastic and maxillofacial surgery established many modern techniques of reconstructive surgery. In 1845, Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, titled Operative Chirurgie, and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose. Dieffenbach has been called the "father of plastic surgery".[21][22]
Another case of plastic surgery for nose reconstruction from 1884 at Bellevue Hospital was described in Scientific American.[23]
In 1891, American otorhinolaryngologist John Roe presented an example of his work: a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896, James Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and in 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, the German orthopaedic-trained surgeon, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1910, Alexander Ostroumov, the Russian pharmacist, and perfume and cosmetics manufacturer, founded a unique plastic surgery department in his Moscow Institute of Medical Cosmetics.[24] In 1928, Jacques Joseph published Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik.[25]
